Project Reports ::
Project publications available as downloads
The following publications are reports resulting from the work in the SustainPack sub-projects.
Sub-Project 1:: Technology Mapping
D1.2 Sub-project seminar for dissemination of results [download 45KB]
The online seminar was held on 7th June 2006 and was focused on attracting potential SME partners to apply through the SustainPack Open Call to become involved in the development of the demonstrator projects.
D1.4 National Datasets [download PDF 190KB]
Summarises the production of a fibre flows analysis for the ERA (Work Package 1.1).
D1.7 Report on future market needs and SWOT analysis for the European fibre-based packaging industry [download PDF 2MB]
The aim of this report is to provide an insight into the context within which the outputs of SustainPack will be used and the barriers that may exist to the successful commercialisation of these outputs. The report provides only a summary of the conclusions from a wide-reaching literature review conducted by the authors. For further insight into the issues discussed in this report, the reader is encouraged to investigate the resources listed in the bibliography.
D1.8 Technology Mapping Report [download PDF 4.6MB]
The aim of this consolidated report is to provide a detailed account of the methodology used to identify strong, pull-driven demonstrator projects in order to successfully deliver and position research outputs in the packaging marketplace. The report consists of five individual technology mapping reports (one for each sub-project), concluding with a section on their integration.
D1.8_a1 Technology Mapping: Drivers and Features Eastern Europe [download 3.6MB]
This report presents the outputs generated during a technology mapping session hosted by the Slovak University of Technology at Bratislava, Slovakia on the 6th October 2004. The objectives of the workshop were to identify the trends and drivers influencing packaging in Eastern Europe (principally
Slovakia, Czech Republic, Hungary and Poland) and to determine the packaging features necessary in response to these trends and drivers.
D1.8_a2 Technology Mapping Report Appendix 2 [download PDF 570KB]
Identified driver and feature linkages for each Sub-Project (graphics).
D1.8_a3 D1.8 Technology Mapping Report Appendix 3 [download PDF 3.65MB]
Desk based research, SWOT, Supply Chain Forum, Market and Consumer Interviews focusing on the supply chain trends and drivers for packaging.
D1.8_a4 D1.8 Technology Mapping Report Appendix 4 [download PDF 951 KB]
Stage Gate 1 Evaluation Matrices (SP3, SP4 and SP6). Ideal Demonstrators for SP3 fibre based composite films, SP4 new protective coatings and SP6 communicative packaging – and their market data needs.
D1.8_a5 D1.8 Technology Mapping Report Appendix 5 [download PDF 3.6MB]
Stage Gate 2 Evaluation Matrices and Demonstrator Assessment Sheets for a large number of proposed demonstrators.
Sub-Project 2:: Effective Fibre-based Packaging
D2.04 Nanofacilities [download PDF 1.3MB]
The manufacture of nanoelements (cellulose nanofibrils and whiskers and exfoliated minerals) has been achieved by the development of two nanofacilities. The first at STFI Packforsk has specialised in the mechanical disintegration of cellulosic fibres and the second, at SHU, has focussed on the chemical modification of nanoclays. This report describes these nanofacilities.
D2.07 Polymer Clay [download PDF 240KB]
Lists types of clays, modifiers, resulting polymers/monomers and comments.
D2.09 Report on Laccase Modification of Fibre Joint Strength [download PDF 298KB]
This report looks at the role of enzymes for achieving new properties and reducing the amount of chemicals used within the paper industry. The most recent developments in the field of molecular biology have prompted new opportunities from improved biocatalysers and the major focus of enzymatic applications for pulp and paper has shifted toward pulp fibre modification with the aim of producing improved and/or innovative materials.Laccase is a multicopper oxidase that catalyses the oxidation of aminophenols, polyphenols and polyamines with the concomitant reduction of oxygen to water. Although the possibility of modifying pulp fibres with laccase is limited to lignin-containing pulp, it represents one the most interesting enzymes with respect to fibre modification.
D2.14 Assessment of critical converting elements for the paperboard demonstrators [download PDF 1MB]
A literature survey investigating the consequences of a 30% reduction of the amount of material for liquid food packaging boards, while aiming to maintain the structural thickness and critical material parameters important during converting and end-use.
D2.15 Numerical relations between engineered fibres and single layer sheet properties [download PDF 3.6MB]
This report describes the NIR and FiberLab analysis methods and results for various fibre samples received by PTS between August and November 2005 from KCL . The fibres have been treated mechanically and chemically at KCL under different conditions.The results show, that the effects of mechanical fibre treatments on morphological fibre characteristics can be measured precisely. Effects of Hemi precipitation and extraction can also be quantified with NIR method.
D2.17 Moisture cycling and mechano-sorptive creep [download PDF 262KB]
The creep of paper is accelerated by moisture cycling, an effect known as mechano-sorptive creep. In this paper the effect of different humidity cycle amplitudes on the moisture content is investigated.
D2.20: Influence of process and liner characteristics on warp [download PDF 2.6MB]
This report explores how warp of corrugated board is affected by corrugator’s parameters from a large data set supplied by Smurfit R&D. The first qualitative assessment yields significant influences of moisture and sample width on warp. Exploring the whole dataset shows also the influence of grammage, but due to the fact that grammage does not change after fixing the InnerLiner/Outer Liner combination means that this influence can not be observed for given liner quality.
D2.45 Experimental verification study for fracture mechanics analysis in paper materials [download PDF 195KB]
Investigating seven different commercial grades of paper, this study specifically promotes isotropic deformation theory of plasticity as a suitable modelling technique for fracture mechanics analysis of paper materials.
D2.49 Report on the effect of chemical treatment of a birch kraft pulp and a reference kraft liner pulp with respect to MSC/SCT/FT [download PDF 133KB]
One of the most important parameters for kraftliners is the mechano-sorptive creep stiffness. In a previous study it was found that an unbleached birch pulp had higher mechano-sorptive creep stiffness and tensile stiffness compared to a reference softwood kraftliner pulp but lower tensile strength and fracture toughness. In order to compensate for the lower strength and toughness, three different strength additives were added to the birch pulp. The results show that it is possible to increase the strength properties and the fracture properties to, and in some cases, the kraftliner softwood pulp level. The mechano-sorptive creep stiffness was unaffected by the treatments.
D2.5 Report on the effects/strategy of CMC deposition on tensile stiffness/ tensile strength of top layers of board [download PDF 72KB]
This report explores the effect of carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) treatment to tensile stiffness of hardwood pulps. Bleached hardwood kraft pulp was used because of its widespread use as the material in the top layers of packaging board. Likewise, the effect of CMC treatment on tensile stiffness was monitored systematically because of the pivotal role of the stiffness index in packaging materials.
D2.51 Report on chemical routes for improvement of z-strength of middle layer CTMP-pulp [download PDF 391KB]
The aim of this work was to study different chemical methods of improving z-strength in laboratory sheets, mainly made of CTMP. The influence of different additions such as polymer additives and microfibrillated cellulose were investigated to achieve a decrease in raw material usage.
D2.57 Report on the evaluation of the effects of chemical x-linking on critical properties of linerboard materials [download PDF 181KB]
The effect of chemical cross-linking on properties critical for linerboard materials, especially mechano-sorptive creep, has been investigated by oxidising the fibres with sodium metaperiodate. The results are very promising for mechano-sorptive creep.
D2.59 Validation of box properties from paper properties with respect to MSC/FT/TS [download PDF 256KB]
Mechanical properties of paper and their relation to packaging performance.
D2.61 Fracture mechanics modelling of paper materials at large scale damage evolution [download PDF 1.2MB]
An incremental elastic-plastic softening cohesive crack model was developed for fracture mechanics analysis of thin sheet materials, such as paper materials, polymeric films and fibre composite sheets. The material parameters of the cohesive crack model were calibrated by material testing for one grade of commercial paper. The model was shown to exhibit transferability and accurate prediction of ultimate failure in the investigated paper material.
D2.62 Selection of material model for fracture mechanics predictions in paper materials [download PDF 1MB]
This work evaluates different fracture mechanics models for predicting ultimate failure of paper materials. It specifically studies the effect of damage evolution, plasticity and anisotropy on the accuracy of fracture mechanics predictions of ultimate failure.
Sub-Project 3:: Fibre-based Composite Films
D3.02 Report on existing mass transport properties measurement methods [download PDF 61KB]
This report considers the use of all method and instruments available to partners in subproject 3 which can be useful for the preliminary characterization of material structure, for the evaluation of mechanical, gas barrier and optical properties as well as to perform test for food contact applications.
D3.04 Nanofibres, particles, and matrices selected for evaluation within SP3 [download PDF 157KB]
This report describes the activities and the work performed within the SP3 during the first 6 months.
Processing methods and matrices for evaluation were selected and clays and fibres discussed. STFI-PF and KCL were to provide fibres for SP3 and SHU the nanoclays.
D3.07 Report resulting of mapping out existing mass transport properties measurements methods [download PDF 177KB]
Description of existing methods for measuring mass barrier properties of polymeric/composite materials such as gas permeability, diffusivity and water vapour transmission.
D3.08 Report about methods to evaluate mechanical, optical, thermal and barrier properties [download PDF 168KB]
This report describes the approach adopted for the characterization of materials in view of the number of nanoparticle/matrix pairs to be studied (in excess of 20). The preliminary characterization includes material structure, the evaluation of mechanical, gas barrier and optical properties as well as performance of tests for food contact applications.
D3.12 Upscaling of the nanocomposite manufacturing [download PDF 74KB]
This report refers to the activities and the work performed within the 'Sustainpack 3 Fibre based composite films' project (SP 3) under WP 3.3 ‘Processability’ whose objective it is to define the optimal processing conditions for the fibre and clay based composite materials. The report describes the different manufacturing techniques which have been used by the different partners, individually or in co-operation, and highlights the results obtained.
Sub-Project 5:: 3D Composites
D5.05 Dry refining of fibres [download PDF 377KB]
Investigation into dry refinement of fibres without unduly affecting the technical properties of the paper. Delivery of the dry refined fibres to other partners of the project was undertaken.
D5.08 Report on the conditions for the synthesis of cellulose fibres/inorganic hybrids and characterization of the fibres produced thereby [download PDF 417KB]
The optimised conditions for the synthesis of cellulose/inorganic hybrids are described.
D5.11 Report on the selected biodegradable matrices and foaming agents for the different composites [Download PDF 559KB]
Polymers considered biodegradable are normally classified depending on the original source or on their nature. This report describes the selection process of biodegradable matrices and foaming agents for the different composites being obtained in WP5.2.
D5.14 Dispersion method for nanocellulose and nanostarch in matrix [download PDF 307KB]
Describes the dispersion method used for use of nanocellulose and nanostarch in the matrix.
D5.15 Report on the evaluation of cushion material processing by the dry forming method [download PDF 472KB]
Evaluation of the processing of cushion material by dry forming methods. Critical properties of hot melt adhesives and controlled tribo charging of paper fibres are discussed.
D5.17A Report on recycling ability of biodegradable matrices in the plastic recycling stream [download PDF 145KB]
Test results of biopolymers tested: PLLA, polyester Mater-Bi and starch-based Mater-Bi biopolymer.
D5.17B Report on recycling ability of biodegradable matrices in the plastic recycling stream [download PDF 124KB]
The recycling of three different renewable biodegradable matrices was studied by their multiple extrusions and the characterisation of the ensuing recycled materials. The matrices studied were starchmaterbi, Polyester Materbi (PEM) and cellulose aceto-butyrate (CAB).
D5.20 Report on the setting up of techniques for the characterisation of the various composites [download PDF 1.1MB]
Description of several techniques that will be used within SP5 to analyse properties of produced composite materials and fibres with altered characteristics.
D5.22 Report on the preliminary characterisation of the first composite samples delivered in WP5.2 (month 18) [download PDF 156KB]
Properties of the first PLLA/cellulose fibre composites produced within WP5.2.
D5.25 Modified fibres for composite production [download PDF 76KB]
Desciption of the physically and chemically modified pulp fibres sent to Girona for production of PLLA extruded composites.
D5.26 New modified fibres (using the co-continuous concept) start to be delivered for composite processing (WP5.2), and for characterisation (WP5.3) [download PDF 67KB]
This reports describes fibre surface modifications through polymer grafting with polypropylene glycol mono butyl ether (PPGBE, 4000g/mol), polytetrahydrofuran (PTHF, 2900g/mol) and polycaprolactone (PCL, 65000g/mol).
D5.28 Improved dimensional stability of pulp fibres to be used in 3D thermoplastic composites [download PDF 292KB]
The aim of this activity was to develop economical methods for treatment of pulp fibres in order to make them more stable against water and moisture uptake. Investigations into controlled water content during heating, high temperature treatments, salt treatments and alkaline treatments were conducted.
D5.29 Report on the selected ways of modifying the fibres by preparing inorganic nanoparticles/hybrids cellulose fibres to make them suitable for the preparation of 3D thermoplastic composites [download PDF 256KB]
Composites were prepared from inorganic nanoparticles/cellulose hybrids and commercial polyester MaterBi. These were tested by dynamical mechanical analysis and water absorption studies.
D5.30 Cushion material made on nanoscale entities and tested onmechanical properties [download PDF 57KB]
Results of mechanical property tests on MFC foams.
D5.32 Report on the evaluation of cushion material made on nanoscale entities [download PDF 704KB]
Compression testing results and conclusions drawn of MFC reinforced starch based foam prepared by the microwave technique and by by the freeze drying technique.
D5.33 Report on the recyclability of innovative composites and cushioning materials in the paper recycling stream [download PDF 67KB]
A comparative report on the recyclability of commercially available packaging materials used for cushioning with an alternative product developed by Oulu University made of dry refined Eucalyptus pulp and cyclodextrins.
D5.34 Report on the characterization of mechanical properties of first cushioning materials [download PDF 695KB]
This report evaluates and compares the mechanical properties of cushioning materials by means of compression and drop tests. A simplified method is developed to evaluate the maximum deceleration on packed goods versus drop height.
D5.35 Report on the biodegradability of composites and cushioning materials [download PDF 162KB]
Evaluation of the biodegradability of selected innovative materials produced during Sub-project 5 in WP 5.1 and WP 5.2. An assessment of compostability is presented.
D5.36 Report on the food contact application of composites and cushioning materials [download PDF 95KB]
Evaluation of individual and composite materials with results of the migration test performed and conclusions.
D5.38 Report on the mechanical characterization of composites [download PDF 148KB]
Reports the results of the mechanical characterization of composites obtained in WP5.2 task during the 6 month period from June to November 06.
D5.41 Modified fibres for composite production [download PDF 76KB]
Description of the physically and chemically modified pulp fibres sent to Girona for production of PLLA extruded composites.
D5.42 Chemical treatments of fibres for improved hygro- and hydrodynamic stability [download PDF 263KB]
This report presents results from ongoing activities. Exploration into the use of polycarboxylic acids as cross linkers to achieve a high degree of stabilization is the primary strategy. Other modifications are being tested and final conclusions have yet to be drawn.
D5.43 Report on the new way to modify the fibers for their incorporation into matrices [download PDF 198KB]
Describes a new methodology for the successful surface grafting of polycaprolactone-diol onto avicel powder which has been achieved in 4 steps.
D5.45 Report of cushion material experiments [download PDF 869KB]
This report explains the production of cushion material from paper fibres and the effect of starch concentration and fibre length and type on the results.
D5.47 Report on the energy absorption properties of the MFC based cushions, comparison with existing cushions [download PDF 91KB]
Three samples of EPS are evaluated against EPS by modulus, density and yield strength.
D5.51 Particle size distribution in selected composite samples [download PDF 153KB]
Attempts to use different kinds of modified pulp fibres as re-enforcement of bio-degradable polymers have been studied. The test samples were produced in Girona using different fibres developed and produced by the partners in SP5.
D5.52 Water interaction of selected composite samples [download PDF 162KB]
Three composite samples (PLLA, Mater-Bi Starch and Mater-Bi Polyester) have been studied with regard to water and moisture uptake to assess the concomitant dimensional change and therefore the possible uses for these materials.
D5.6 Report on the most suitable surface and in-depth chemical modifications of fibres [download PDF 1.3MB]
Cellulose fibre modification constitutes an essential step in the valorisation of cellulosic fibres in composite materials. Not only do these modifications improve the compatibility between the matrix material and the reinforcing fibre, they also serve as a protective surface layer. Improved fibre-matrix compatibility at their interface improves adhesion between the two phases, resulting in a more effective stress transfer from the weaker matrix phase to the reinforcing fibres.
Sub-Project 6:: Communicative Packaging
D6.12 Information exchange between communicative packaging concepts and infrastructure in the distribution chain and at the customers [download PDF 1.1MB]
This report is a SP6 deliverable which provides an overview of current trends and market expectations, the definition of communicative packaging concepts for perishable goods and the implementation of such a concept as a case study (tomato production and distribution chain from Europe to the USA market).
D6.14 Report on first simulation model that predicts the feasibility of communicative packaging concepts [download PDF 273KB]
In a dedicated simulation program, called Aladin, the distribution chain of vine tomatoes was
simulated using product quality models to predict shrinkage in four different logistical concepts. From the simulation results it can be concluded that under certain circumstances, the use of
transport boxes equipped with a temperature sensor can result in significant reduction of
shrinkage of the vine tomatoes.
D6.23 Report on Retail Survey Results [download PDF 222KB]
A Retail Survey focusing on pro-active and passive communicative technologies was carried out in the autumn of 2004 to investigate the positions and requirements of the end user (actors in the supply chain and consumers) prior to help decide which communicative packaging technologies should be considered. The Retail Survey was based on a questionnaire which was sent to key retailers in Europe. The feedback gave some clear answers, but there were also several contradictions and paradoxes in the answers. These were subsequently investigated further through the use of in-depth interviews with the retailers, and this report summarises the results.
D6.24: First report on the sustainability evaluation of the selected materials and technologies (LCA and LCC analysis) [download PDF 2.1MB]
The results presented in this report are the first approach to the environmental behaviour of the new developments achieved through Sustainpack Subproject 6. Therefore, this document presents a brief background introducing some devices used in communicative packaging under development in SustainPack. Then, the case study is presented; relative humidity (RH) indicator affixed on a corrugated board box during the transport of tomatoes from The Netherlands to the USA.
D6.25 Desk Study on Reports made by Organisations or Institutions on Consumer Acceptance related to Communicative Packaging [download PDF 387KB]
To get an insight in the opportunities of introducing new technologies regarding communicative packaging into retail stores, it is important to understand how the actors in the supply chain think and react before introducing these new features. It is therefore instructive to look at existing reports and surveys on these specific areas.
